玉龙与龙文化的内涵

                       文/那木太苏荣

   翁牛特旗以龙乡为自豪，因为中华第一龙——碧玉龙和黄玉龙出土在翁牛特旗。中华民族是龙的传人，龙文化是中华民族的主流文化。那么，什么是龙？碧玉龙和黄玉龙是出土文物，还是社会文物？什么是龙凤文化？我们怎样继承龙文化呢？龙的精神是什么？我们怎样发扬龙的精神建设好我们的家乡呢？为了解决这一课题，专家们动了不少脑筋，也取得了可惜的成绩。笔者虽然不是专家，但作为文化爱好者在这里谈谈我对龙文化的观点，供大家参考，不对之处请指正。

关于碧玉龙和黄玉龙大家说话不一，有的说它是狼；有的说它是马；有的说它是胎儿的雏形。但是主流学家还是承认它是龙。它是不是出土文物，我们还需要解释它的生产地方，那里的玉石，谁来生产的，给谁为什么生产的等一系列问题。否则，人们会说它是社会文物。

一，什么是龙？

从内蒙古考古发掘看，龙的起源时代是在距今8000年的兴隆洼文化时期。有关龙的起源，人们一般认为是由自然界中目些动物的“部件”拼凑起来的。王符说：龙“角似鹿、头似驼、眼似兔、项似蛇、腹似蜃、鳞似鱼、爪似鹰、掌似虎、耳似牛”。闻一多说：“龙图腾，不拘局部的像马也好，像狗也好，或像鱼、像鸟、像鹿也好，它的主干部分和基本形态都是蛇，这表明在当初那众多图腾单位林立的时代，以蛇图腾最为强大，众图腾的合并与融化便是这蛇图腾兼并与同化了许多弱小单位的结果。”蒙古族远古祖先就有敬蛇、崇蛇的习俗，阴山岩画和贝加尔湖岩画中就有蛇的岩画。匈奴、东胡、鲜卑、契丹、蒙古等都非常重视龙纹图案的运用。龙有九种动物的特征加以修饰组合而成，还有龙生九子的传说。龙象征神奇、高贵、威严。龙纹图案表示“多福多寿”，它能降福于人。蛇在萨满教中视为太阳神。蛇也是阴间的象征。蒙古族崇拜蛇，认为蛇是吉祥的象征，并叫蛇为小龙。我们可以说，龙是以蛇为中心的九个图腾图案融合而成的大的图腾。翁牛特部族中有个传说：哈拉金乌拉（海金山）的山路神是蛇，是一种带犄角的蛇。还说海拉苏山是盘龙，朝格巴德拉山是卧龙。

中华文化之创始者商族为北方民族，是东胡人的先民。商族是戎狄人的一个分支，是属东方乌夷人的一支，是少昊氏族的后裔。西辽河上游为商族先民活动的地方，后来一部分先商居民由内蒙古高原西南迁，进入中原，灭夏之后建立了商朝；另一部分商族居民继续留居原地砥石山（紫蒙川）一带就是后来的东胡民族。东胡分出乌桓和鲜卑；鲜卑分出契丹和蒙古族。可以肯定地说：龙文化是东胡人的先民创造的，后来整个中华民族甚至整个亚洲黄种人认可的。  

蒙古族信仰龙的习俗很早就有，甚至现在还有。蒙古族是一个信仰萨满教的民族，蒙古族祭祀天、祭祀星星、祭祀火、祭祀敖包、祭祀江河湖泊泉水等习俗完全能说明这一点。蒙古族祭祀江河湖泊泉水实际上是祭祀龙，求雨。元代装饰花纹中龙凤图案很多。元朝皇帝穿“衮龙服，制以青罗，饰以生色销金，帝星一，日以，月以，升龙四，复身龙四，山三十八，火四十八，华虫四十八”。现在，蒙古族牧民还身穿带龙凤图案的长袍或头戴绣龙凤图案的帽子和护耳。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

    二，龙文化的内涵是什么？

我同意王东同志的观点。中国龙文化的内涵应从三个层次去理解：   第一层，龙的观念。从中国龙的形象中蕴涵着中国人最为重视的四大天人合一的宇宙观；仁者爱人的互主体观；阴阳交合的发展观；兼容并包的多元文化观。   第二层，龙的理念。在中国龙的形象、龙的观念后面，包含着中国人处理四大主体关系时的理想目标、价值观念，追求天人关系的和谐，人际关系的和谐，阴阳矛盾关系的和谐，多元文化关系的和谐。   第三层，龙的精神。多元一体、综合创新的中国文化基本精神，这是中国龙形象、龙文化的最深层文化底蕴。发掘中国龙文化的深层内涵，有助于解决当代世界的一些文明冲突。     中国的龙却以东方神秘主义的特有形式，蕴涵着中国人、中国文化中特有的四具基本观念：一是天人合一的宇宙观；二是仁者爱人的互主体观；三是阴阳交合的发展观（或叫变易观）；四是兼容并包的文化观。其中，天人合一的宇宙观、世界观，堪称是中华民族文化中最核心的理念。龙以生动具体的形象，再加上神秘主义的形式，蕴涵着天人合一的观念。

   蒙古族崇拜天，热爱自然、依靠大自然，遵循大自然规律的生活理念，是符合龙文化内涵的。人和大自然相比较，人是渺小的多。遵循大自然的规律人们才能取得胜利，否则会失败。人定胜天，只是个大话而已。

   党中央提出的科学发展观是符合龙文化理念的。是当代中国马克思主义者结合中国传统文化提出来的科学论断。

 三，什么叫龙凤文化？

中国龙文化研究专家庞进先生说：我们可以说龙凤文化是中国传统文化的两翼，它们是从两个不同的角度展现中华文化的精神。龙代表阳性：天、帝、父、权利、凶悍、战斗、伟力、进取、崇高、威严、至尊等等；凤代表阴性：地、后、母、幸福、仁慈、和平、智慧、谦让、优美、亲合、至贵等等。龙凤的精神其实也可以乾坤二卦来象征：乾卦的精神是“天行健，君子以自强不息”。坤卦的精神是“地势坤，君子以厚德载物”。龙代表中华民族刚毅、进取、万难不屈的一面、凤则代表中华民族仁慈、宽厚、智慧灵魂的一面。龙凤文化相对、互补、相渗、互含、合一，深化出中华文化的大千世界。可以说，在龙凤身上，寄寓了中华民族自帝王将相到市井百姓、农家小院全部的人生理想。龙与凤像两面鲜亮的旗帜，高扬在中华民族漫长的艰难奋进的历史征途上。

龙和凤是中华民族的图腾，是百姓各部族各种图腾的汇聚物。据说，世界有蒙古利雅人种的地方都有崇拜龙的习惯。它是从多神论转化一神论时期的产物。据上述，龙凤精神应归纳为：自强不息，奋发向上，团结奋进，和谐包容，仁慈宽厚，智慧灵敏，开拓创新精神。

四，传承龙文化，我们应作什么？

翁牛特旗是龙的家乡。我们光有自豪是不行的。传承龙文化，我们应做以下工作：继续研究龙文化，准确掌握龙文化中的科学内涵。要继续考古挖掘龙文化遗产的同时，办好研讨会，一方面提高地方知名度，另一方面统一认识。要加固龙文化的群众基础，在群众中树立重视科学的龙文化思想。要组织群众开展龙舞、龙灯、龙服、龙绘画、龙字书画比赛等。应结合以上活动，可以开展龙文化研讨会，破除迷信思想，树立科学发展观，树立以人为本的思想，树立保护生态、保护自然、合理利用资源、建设和谐社会的思想，促进经济和社会发展。应大力宣传龙凤文化的自强不息，奋发向上，团结奋进，和谐包容，仁慈宽厚，智慧灵敏，开拓创新精神，以龙的精神建设好家乡。